• Grafana loki
    DevOps,  Grafana,  Kubernetes,  Monitoring Tools

    Kubernetes observability – log aggregation – Grafana-loki deployment and configuration

    17/12/2022 /

    Table of Contents

    Intro

    This page describes how to deploy and apply basic configurations – including retention policies – to a promtail-loki stack.

    Loki is a log storage solution tightly integrated with Grafana. It can ingest logs from multiple sources (in our case, containers), index them and makes them accessible via Grafana UI.

    Its functionalities overlap with elasticsearch. Grafana-loki is more lightweight since it indexes only entries metadata and not the entire content of each log line.

    Data can be pushed into loki with multiple solutions (e.g. promtail, fluent bit, fluentd, logstash, etc.). See https://grafana.com/docs/loki/latest/clients/

    This page describes how to use promtail for such purpose.

    The following setup is not meant to be used on production environments.

    Requirements

    • A k8s cluster including Grafana
    • all appropriate configurations to use kubectl command line tool

    Loki deployment

    • Add loki helm chart repo
    helm repo add grafana https://grafana.github.io/helm-charts
helm repo update
    • Create a file values.yaml to store all chart settings that must be overridden from the default values
    loki:
  commonConfig:
    replication_factor: 1
  storage:
    type: 'filesystem'
  compactor:
    working_directory: /var/loki/data/retention
    shared_store: filesystem
    compaction_interval: 10m
    retention_enabled: true
    retention_delete_delay: 2h
    retention_delete_worker_count: 150
  schema_config:
    configs:
      - from: "2022-12-01"
        index:
            period: 24h
            prefix: loki_index_
        object_store: filesystem
        schema: v11
        store: boltdb-shipper
  storage_config:
    boltdb_shipper:
        active_index_directory: /var/loki/data/index
        cache_location: /var/loki/data/boltdb-cache
        shared_store: filesystem
  limits_config:
    retention_period: 24h
write:
  replicas: 1
read:
  replicas: 1
    • Create the namespace
    kubectl create namespace loki
    • Create 2 PersistentVolumes that will be used by loki read / write components
    apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: loki-pv-1
  namespace: loki
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  capacity:
    storage: 10Gi
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
  local:
    path: [YOUR_NODE_LOCAL_STORAGE_FOLDER_1]
  nodeAffinity:
    required:
      nodeSelectorTerms:
      - matchExpressions:
        - key: kubernetes.io/hostname
          operator: In
          values:
          - [YOUR_NODE_NAME]
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: loki-pv-2
  namespace: loki
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  capacity:
    storage: 10Gi
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
  local:
    path: [YOUR_NODE_LOCAL_STORAGE_FOLDER_2]
  nodeAffinity:
    required:
      nodeSelectorTerms:
      - matchExpressions:
        - key: kubernetes.io/hostname
          operator: In
          values:
          - [YOUR_NODE_NAME]
    • Install the helm chart
    helm install --values values.yaml loki --namespace=loki grafana/loki-simple-scalable

    Once all components are started up, you should have the following scenario:

    [rockylinux@test-vm grafana-loki]$ kubectl get all -n loki
NAME                                               READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/loki-gateway-55fccf8654-vcxqt                  1/1     Running   0          23h
pod/loki-grafana-agent-operator-684b478b77-vwh9g   1/1     Running   0          23h
pod/loki-logs-wwcp5                                2/2     Running   0          23h
pod/loki-read-0                                    1/1     Running   0          32m
pod/loki-write-0                                   1/1     Running   0          32m
 
NAME                          TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)             AGE
service/loki-gateway          ClusterIP   10.106.191.67    <none>        80/TCP              23h
service/loki-memberlist       ClusterIP   None             <none>        7946/TCP            23h
service/loki-read             ClusterIP   10.103.120.150   <none>        3100/TCP,9095/TCP   23h
service/loki-read-headless    ClusterIP   None             <none>        3100/TCP,9095/TCP   23h
service/loki-write            ClusterIP   10.98.226.44     <none>        3100/TCP,9095/TCP   23h
service/loki-write-headless   ClusterIP   None             <none>        3100/TCP,9095/TCP   23h
 
NAME                       DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   NODE SELECTOR   AGE
daemonset.apps/loki-logs   1         1         1       1            1           <none>          23h
 
NAME                                          READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
deployment.apps/loki-gateway                  1/1     1            1           23h
deployment.apps/loki-grafana-agent-operator   1/1     1            1           23h
 
NAME                                                     DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
replicaset.apps/loki-gateway-55fccf8654                  1         1         1       23h
replicaset.apps/loki-grafana-agent-operator-684b478b77   1         1         1       23h
 
NAME                          READY   AGE
statefulset.apps/loki-read    1/1     23h
statefulset.apps/loki-write   1/1     23h

    Promtail deployment

    Promtail tails log files and pushed them into loki.

    To deploy all required components, apply the following yaml:

    --- # Daemonset.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: promtail-daemonset
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: promtail
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: promtail
    spec:
      serviceAccount: promtail-serviceaccount
      containers:
      - name: promtail-container
        image: grafana/promtail
        args:
        - -config.file=/etc/promtail/promtail.yaml
        env:
        - name: 'HOSTNAME' # needed when using kubernetes_sd_configs
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: 'spec.nodeName'
        volumeMounts:
        - name: logs
          mountPath: /var/log
        - name: promtail-config
          mountPath: /etc/promtail
        - mountPath: /var/lib/docker/containers
          name: varlibdockercontainers
          readOnly: true
      volumes:
      - name: logs
        hostPath:
          path: /var/log
      - name: varlibdockercontainers
        hostPath:
          path: /var/lib/docker/containers
      - name: promtail-config
        configMap:
          name: promtail-config
--- # Daemonset.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: promtail-daemonset
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: promtail
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: promtail
    spec:
      serviceAccount: promtail-serviceaccount
      containers:
      - name: promtail-container
        image: grafana/promtail
        args:
        - -config.file=/etc/promtail/promtail.yaml
        env:
        - name: 'HOSTNAME' # needed when using kubernetes_sd_configs
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: 'spec.nodeName'
        volumeMounts:
        - name: logs
          mountPath: /var/log
        - name: promtail-config
          mountPath: /etc/promtail
        - mountPath: /var/lib/docker/containers
          name: varlibdockercontainers
          readOnly: true
      volumes:
      - name: logs
        hostPath:
          path: /var/log
      - name: varlibdockercontainers
        hostPath:
          path: /var/lib/docker/containers
      - name: promtail-config
        configMap:
          name: promtail-config -- # configmap.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: promtail-config
data:
  promtail.yaml: |
    server:
      http_listen_port: 9080
      grpc_listen_port: 0
 
    clients:
      - url: http://loki-write.loki.svc.cluster.local:3100/loki/api/v1/push
        tenant_id: 1
 
    positions:
      filename: /tmp/positions.yaml
    target_config:
      sync_period: 10s
    scrape_configs:
    - job_name: pod-logs
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
        - role: pod
      pipeline_stages:
        - docker: {}
      relabel_configs:
        - source_labels:
            - __meta_kubernetes_pod_node_name
          target_label: __host__
        - action: labelmap
          regex: __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_(.+)
        - action: replace
          replacement: $1
          separator: /
          source_labels:
            - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
            - __meta_kubernetes_pod_name
          target_label: job
--- # Daemonset.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: promtail-daemonset
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: promtail
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: promtail
    spec:
      serviceAccount: promtail-serviceaccount
      containers:
      - name: promtail-container
        image: grafana/promtail
        args:
        - -config.file=/etc/promtail/promtail.yaml
        env:
        - name: 'HOSTNAME' # needed when using kubernetes_sd_configs
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: 'spec.nodeName'
        volumeMounts:
        - name: logs
          mountPath: /var/log
        - name: promtail-config
          mountPath: /etc/promtail
        - mountPath: /var/lib/docker/containers
          name: varlibdockercontainers
          readOnly: true
      volumes:
      - name: logs
        hostPath:
          path: /var/log
      - name: varlibdockercontainers
        hostPath:
          path: /var/lib/docker/containers
      - name: promtail-config
        configMap:
          name: promtail-config -- # configmap.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: promtail-config
data:
  promtail.yaml: |
    server:
      http_listen_port: 9080
      grpc_listen_port: 0
 
    clients:
      - url: http://loki-write.loki.svc.cluster.local:3100/loki/api/v1/push
        tenant_id: 1
 
    positions:
      filename: /tmp/positions.yaml
    target_config:
      sync_period: 10s
    scrape_configs:
    - job_name: pod-logs
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
        - role: pod
      pipeline_stages:
        - docker: {}
      relabel_configs:
        - source_labels:
            - __meta_kubernetes_pod_node_name
          target_label: __host__
        - action: labelmap
          regex: __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_(.+)
        - action: replace
          replacement: $1
          separator: /
          source_labels:
            - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
            - __meta_kubernetes_pod_name
          target_label: job         - action: replace
          source_labels:
            - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
          target_label: namespace
        - action: replace
          source_labels:
            - __meta_kubernetes_pod_name
          target_label: pod
        - action: replace
          source_labels:
            - __meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name
          target_label: container
        - replacement: /var/log/pods/*$1/*.log
          separator: /
          source_labels:
            - __meta_kubernetes_pod_uid
            - __meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name
          target_label: __path__
--- # Clusterrole.yaml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: promtail-clusterrole
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources:
    - nodes
    - services
    - pods
    verbs:
    - get
    - watch
    - list
 
--- # ServiceAccount.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: promtail-serviceaccount
 
--- # Rolebinding.yaml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: promtail-clusterrolebinding
subjects:
    - kind: ServiceAccount
      name: promtail-serviceaccount
      namespace: default
roleRef:
    kind: ClusterRole
    name: promtail-clusterrole
    apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io

    Loki datasource configuration on Grafana admin UI

    Datasource configuration on Grafana

    Browsing logs from Grafana UI

    Data browser on Grafana
    read more

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